Even in Friends , one of the most popular sitcoms of all time, Ross' son Ben ceases to exist in the later seasons. Supernatural is another show that's guilty of "missing family member syndrome", to the extent that this character's absence has become a meme amongst its fanbase. The Winchesters first learned of their half brother's existence in Season Four, although it was a short but sweet meeting.

It turned out that Adam had been slain and taken over by a ghoul, and Sam and Dean ended up burning his body before they'd actually met the guy himself. Talk about an awkward family reunion! Adam was resurrected in Season Five, however, and appeared in quite a few episodes. The slightly confusing part of the Adam storyline comes after the character has actually left the show.

We last saw the youngest Winchester brother being locked in Lucifer's Cage, with Sam and Dean promising to find a way to break him out. However, they just We know that escaping the Cage is possible; Sam did it, after all! So why have they allowed Adam to languish there? So much for "family first", guys Despite a lot of the plot of Supernatural revolves around angels and their antics, these heavenly beings make very little sense in the context of the show.

As previously mentioned, one of them Castiel is one of the show's main characters. Surely this means that the showrunners have a clear idea in their minds of what angels can and can't do? Well, apparently not. There's very little consistency when it comes to these beings, and nobody seems to care anymore. If you look back at angels' various appearances over the course of Supernatural 's 13 seasons, it quickly becomes clear that the show's writers didn't even try to keep things logical.

In fact, their powers and weaknesses seem to change frequently in order to fit the events of a certain episode. Sometimes, they can banish other angels without being affected themselves mainly if their name is "Castiel". On other occasions, using such a sigil will banish the user as well.

It all depends on whether the writers need a particular character to stick around or not. On a less serious note, angels' capacity to eat human food is also inconsistent throughout Supernatural 's run. In Season Nine, Castiel remarks that angels can't taste food like humans do. However, in Season Five, he was seen happily wolfing down delicious hamburgers and enjoying their taste. Plus, his fellow angels Gabriel and Balthazar also eat— and quite clearly taste—human food at various points.

The Colt is a nifty little hunting tool that was first introduced in Supernatural 's first season. It's a powerful revolver that has the ability to defeat almost every dark creature out there.

It got quite a lot of use from Seasons One to Five, despite landing in the hands of the enemy thanks to a thief named Bela Talbot. In any case, The Colt was a powerful asset for the Winchesters, giving them an edge in the majority of their hunting encounters. You'd think they'd still be using it to this day Well, of course not; that would make way too much sense! The Colt totally disappeared after Season Six, despite Dean managing to reacquire a version of it when he traveled back to The present-day version remained with Crowley—aka The King of the Underworld—until Season 12, when he passed it on to Ramiel, one of his Princes.

Bizarrely, the Winchesters made no attempt to reacquire it during these six years, apparently deciding that this all-powerful weapon simply wasn't worth the hassle. Great logic there In Season 12, the Colt finally made it back into the Winchesters' hands.

They once again realized that it comes in pretty darn handy when trying to destroy powerful evil beings, and consequently used it a fair bit. However, it's currently in a broken state. Will Sam and Dean actively try to fix it, or will they simply forget about it for another six seasons? Probably the latter. Over Supernatural 's many seasons, pretty much all of Sam and Dean's friends have dropped off the radar. Some of them have met grisly ends. Some have had to go into hiding. Whatever the case, even Dean himself admitted in Season Seven that the Winchesters are running pretty low on buddies.

The sensible solution to this would be to either appreciate the few friends they still have or to make trustworthy new ones. But do Sam and Dean take this logical path? Instead, the brothers frequently find themselves working with people who they once considered their mortal enemies.

Admittedly, this isn't too revolutionary in the context of a TV show: characters often have to begrudgingly work with people they don't like for plot or drama purposes. However, Supernatural takes this trope a little too far into a ridiculously unbelievable territory.

Take Crowley, for example. The King of the Underworld is quite clearly not the most trustworthy of guys. Pretty much every time Sam and Dean agree to work with him, he pulls some kind of trick on them and betrays their trust. Then in future, they always go back and work with him again!

Why would they do that to themselves?! Seven seasons on, the Winchesters accept these guys as allies. Sure, forgiveness is a wonderful thing, but there must be a limit! In Season Eight, a new and mysterious organization was introduced into the Supernatural world: the Men of Letters. While the original Men were wiped out in the s, the Winchesters were informed of the group's existence by their time-traveling grandfather more on him later.

As well as learning the ways of this ancient secret order, Sam and Dean inherited their pretty swanky bunker full of artifacts, antique furniture, and books. Lots and lots of books. Now, life as a hunter doesn't exactly leave much time for being able to kick back and do some light reading.

Sam and Dean are constantly running about the place, saving people, hunting demons The usual! However, considering they now have a vast amount of resources available to them in the bunker, you'd think they'd try and find some time to learn some new monster-hunting techniques. The Men of Letters thoroughly researched demon banishing techniques, time travel spells, supernatural warding charms The list is endless!

While the Winchesters have undoubtedly picked up some impressive hunting skills over the years, there's always room for improvement! It doesn't make much sense that they'd seemingly pass over all of the secrets that the bunker has to offer. Maybe they've been reading the books off-screen? Supernatural s eason 13 returns Jan. Vikings season 5, episode 6 advanced preview: 5 things to look out for in the episode by Alexandria Ingham. More from Supernatural Supernatural Season 16 release date updates: Will there be a new season?

When is it coming out? Supernatural: The Complete Series Box Set review: The perfect sendoff for a legendary series Supernatural Season 16 premiere date, cast, trailer, synopsis, and more Is Supernatural renewed for Season 16? The Supernatural series is one episode too long. Next: EMF detectors, the lore, and the uses in Supernatural and the real world. Hidden Remote 1 year 11 best introductions on Supernatural so far. Streaming More Netflix News ». More Amazon News ».

View all Streaming Sites. More Movie News ». More FS Movie News ». View all Movies Sites. More TV News ». Bobby doesn't collect any for them? In otherwords, we never see Bobby saying, "These came in the mail for you.

What address do the use? When John died, the opportunity also died there as a possibilty or is there a "secret penpal" we don't know about? Any thoughts??? PO box? Jenlancia11 posted over a year ago. Husling Pool 2. Credit Card Scams 3. J2ftBands said: poker and scams. Just like their fake badges. Also, it helps having a fake FBI badge for certain items and things so they dont have to buy them.

In a lot of episodes you see them using weird aliases that the have credit cards for. Despite all of that, though, they never seem to have any major injuries or scars. Sometimes the wounds they get on screen disappear by the next scene. Dean did say he was reborn a new man after he crawled out of Hell, but he and Sam should still show at least minor injuries. While some fans have a theory that Castiel heals them after they receive injuries, he only made his first appearance in season four.

The boys should have had scars and bruises show up before that. In season one, Sam reluctantly joined Dean in his hunting adventures with the promise that he would eventually return to school and have a normal life.

Of course, things never go as planned on Supernatural, and as of season thirteen, he is still living life as a hunter. Throughout the seasons, he has flip-flopped over whether or not he wants to be a hunter or not. In season eight, he attempted to make a life with Amelia but eventually ended up with Dean again fighting demons and monsters. Maybe he truly is torn, but it seems a bit too confusing to some fans.

While Sam and Dean are always trying to save the world when they go after monsters and demons, to normal people - and particularly law enforcement - they look like criminals. They use fake IDs, credit card scams, and drive a car around loaded with all kinds of illegal firearms, not to mention the fact that they take lives regularly. Both brothers have been arrested or on the run from the police at one point or another. Fans have to ignore that and just pretend the reality they are given makes sense.

The Winchesters have always hated demons. This is why fans were surprised that Sam chose to be with Ruby, particularly after Dean passed away at the hands on a demon. When Dean is resurrected, he finds Sam with Ruby, who is training Sam to use his powers. Fans have always pushed that relationship choice aside. Life as a hunter is never easy. While Sam and Dean are often heroic, they do break the law in order to earn some money. Most fans believe that it's best to ignore the bad things they do to pay for things and focus on their good deeds.

In fact, one American security expert and law enforcement veteran, George Babnick, said that in his three-decade long career recovering stolen vehicles, he never encountered a vehicle that had been stolen with a steering lock installed.

Steering wheel locks became a big deal in the s, in the days before sophisticated central locking, when cars could be easily hotwired started by connecting wires together under the dashboard. For older cars, they can still be a benefit, though valuable classic cars ought to have modern electronic immobilisers and trackers installed, too.

But thieves have become more tech savvy, and many car thefts are of high value new cars with keyless entry and start systems, so an old-school steering wheel lock is increasingly seen as a good way to protect even the newest vehicles.

Many car security experts recommend it. Some modern cars with keyless entry and start can be stolen from your driveway in less than a minute. Steering wheel locks are one affordable method of deterring the thieves. This article features products that have been chosen independently by Driving. We may earn revenue if you click the links and buy the products, but we never allow this to affect our opinions.

Follow Us. Published 12 February By Kieran Ahuja. How does a steering wheel lock work? Can steering wheel locks be removed by car thieves? Are steering wheel locks just for old cars? Should I buy a steering wheel lock for a keyless car? If you enjoyed this guide to the best steering wheel locks, you might be interested in other buying guides from driving. Other buying guides include the best toddler car seats this year.

Trending on Social. Ten petrol cars to buy instead of a diesel Feeling guilty about driving a diesel car and not ready for pure-electric just yet? Here are 10 efficient petrol and hybrid alternatives.

This article was published more than 9 years ago. Some information may no longer be current. Will it damage the steering system on my car if my wife continues to turn the wheel after the engine is off in order to engage the steering lock?

You might try a little education first: explain that her efforts are a waste of time and energy. The steering will lock anyway should anyone try to move the car without the key in the ignition. Any movement of the steering mechanism, whether at the wheel or the front tires when the key has been removed, will release a spring-loaded lever — causing it to engage a slot and lock the mechanism. That is what is happening when she moves the wheel. There is little likelihood that she will damage the system, which will long outlast her efforts.

But that habit is compounding the issue because it makes it more difficult for whoever drives the car following her to release the locking mechanism. They, too, have to exert pressure to the system and move the steering wheel to release the lock. That, added to the strain she puts on the system, I suppose, could eventually create some wear on the locking mechanism.

My dad always made it a point to buy new cars, and to do so every five years or 50, miles. It was his feeling that was the way to avoid expensive repairs and the likelihood of being caught out by a breakdown. I realize this practice may not be suitable today, but at what point does a car start to fall off? When does performance and fuel efficiency start to deteriorate? My dad followed the same practice. We lived in a fairly rural area where there were no taxis, let alone public transportation, and the car was essential for him to get to work.

Only later did I realize the folly, and cost, of that scheduled trade-in approach. I can recall four cars we owned during my years at home. All "factory-recommended" service was performed by the dealer on schedule and there was never a single major repair issue, so perhaps he was on to something.

Skip to content Simply put, a static IP address can be thought of as a non-changing internet address for a business. Dynamic vs. Why get a static IP address? The following are some of the benefits of having a static IP address: Remote-access convenience: For businesses that use a virtual private network VPN or other remote-access solution, a static IP address can make it much easier for employees to work remotely.

Reliability of communications: It is much easier to use Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP for voice and video communications applications such as teleconferencing. Server hosting: For businesses hosting any kind of server, such as web servers, email servers or other internet servers, a static IP address makes it easier for customers and employees to find them via the Domain Name System DNS.

These ranges support thousands of IP addresses. It's common for people to assume they can choose any number in the range and that the specific choice doesn't matter much. This is untrue. To choose and set specific static IP addresses suitable for your network, follow these guidelines:. Internet service providers ISP traditionally assign all their IP addresses to customers dynamically, due to historical shortages of available IP numbers.

Contact your service provider if you prefer a static IP address. Customers can sometimes obtain a static IP by subscribing to a special service plan and paying extra fees. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content.

Create a personalised content profile. Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Bradley Mitchell. Updated on June 16, Chris Selph. Lifewire Technology Review Board Member.

Article reviewed on May 09, Tim Fisher. VP and General Manager, Lifewire. Tim Fisher has more than 30 years' of professional technology experience. He's been writing about tech for more than two decades and serves as the VP and General Manager of Lifewire. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn. Updated on September 17, Michael Barton Heine Jr.

Lifewire Technology Review Board Member. Article reviewed on May 09, Tweet Share Email. In This Article. Static vs. Dynamic IP. Disadvantages of a Static IP. Get a Static IP Address. What is my static IP address? What Linux command is used to set the interface to a static IP address? Was this page helpful? Thanks for letting us know! Email Address Sign up There was an error. Please try again. You're in! Thanks for signing up.

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These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data. We and our partners process data to: Actively scan device characteristics for identification.

Rather, the surface of an object reflects some colors and absorbs all the others. We perceive only the reflected colors. Thus, red is not "in" an apple. The surface of the apple is reflecting the wavelengths we see as red and absorbing all the rest. An object appears white when it reflects all wavelengths and black when it absorbs them all. Red, green and blue are the additive primary colors of the color spectrum.

Combining balanced amounts of red, green and blue lights also produces pure white. By varying the amount of red, green and blue light, all of the colors in the visible spectrum can be produced. Light travels into the eye to the retina, located on the back of the eye. The retina is covered with millions of light receptive cells called rods and cones. When these cells detect light, they send signals to the brain.

Most people have three kinds of cone cells, and every color stimulates more than one cone. Their combined response produces a unique signal for each color, and millions of different colors can be distinguished this way. These cells, working in combination with connecting nerve cells, give the brain enough information to interpret and name colors. Considered to be part of the brain itself, the retina is covered by millions of light-sensitive cells, some shaped like rods and some like cones.

These receptors process the light into nerve impulses and pass them along to the cortex of the brain via the optic nerve. Have you ever wondered why your peripheral vision is less sharp and colorful than your front-on vision? It's because of the rods and cones. Rods are most highly concentrated around the edge of the retina. There are over million of them in each eye. Rods transmit mostly black and white information to the brain. As rods are more sensitive to dim light than cones, you lose most color vision in dusky light and your peripheral vision is less colorful.

It is the rods that help your eyes adjust when you enter a darkened room. Okay — back to color vision and a real-life example. Imagine you are outside in an apple orchard at noon on a hot, bright day. How do you know if the fruit you are about to pick is ripe? The light from the sun is bouncing off an apple and then after the bounce, it enters your eye.

Ripe apples contain a special chemical in their skin, and during the bounce, that chemical absorbs some of the sunlight spectrum. It does not absorb all the wavelengths equally though — the short wavelengths are blocked but most of the long-wavelength light is reflected straight back out toward you. In other words, the bounce causes the spectrum of the sunlight to change and now it has much less short wavelength light in it. The riper an apple is, the more of this color absorbing chemical it has in its skin, and the more short wavelength light it absorbs.

To understand this message, we do not have to know exactly what the spectrum of reflected light looks like. We just have to know that it has lots of long wavelength light in it, and not so much short wavelength light.

This is where our cone cells come in. Each of the three cone types gets excited by a different part of the light spectrum — in other words by a different set of wavelengths. The M cones will be slightly excited because there are some medium wavelengths, but the S cones will be silent because the spectrum contains almost no short wavelengths — the apple skin absorbed them all.

Each cone will then send a message to your brain telling it exactly how excited it is. So when that big group of millions of different light waves bouncing off the apple goes into your eye and hits the millions of cone cells at the back, it generates just three signals: high, medium, and low at every location. And this is how color works for pretty much everything we see.

Each object reflects light into our eyes, and that reflected light creates responses in our L, M, and S cones. There are thousands and thousands of L, M, and S cones in your eye, each sending a coded message to your brain telling it how much long-, medium-, and short-wavelength light is bouncing off all the different things that you can see.

These three types of signals tell you about what stuff each object is made of — and this three-number code is what we call color. Light is a special case because we see its spectrum without it bouncing off anything, but the same ideas apply and its color is still due to the different amounts of signal that it generates in three cones. You might have noticed that we tried not to mention the word color until the very end of this explanation.

The idea that color is only in your head might seem strange at first, but think of it as being a bit like pain. Now you might have spotted a problem with this system. We would like to use color to tell things apart, but the only thing that you really know about the color of an object is the three-number code that it generates in your cones. It means that any two sets of light rays that make your cones respond the same way will look identical, even if they contain quite different wavelengths.

In theory, this is correct, and there are some occasions when you will mistake two different objects that seem to have the same color. Luckily, this happens less than you might think — it is not a big problem.

Even better, being able to mimic the color of one thing in real life using a different set of wavelengths turns out to be fantastically useful.

Imagine you have measured the exact spectrum of an apple, and you want to show a picture of that apple on a TV screen. TV screens are made of lots of little lights, arranged into a pattern that repeats over and over again.

It was only confirmed in the s, which means this level of detail in understanding wavelengths and colors is only 60 years old. Today, seeing a yellow school bus is a common sight. The school bus yellow is actually found in the middle of the wavelengths that trigger our perception of red and green. When light hits an object, some of the spectrum is absorbed and some is reflected. Our eyes perceive colors according to the wavelengths of the reflected light.

We also know that the appearance of a color will be different depending on the time of day, lighting in the room, and many other factors. They may perceive different variations of the color based on a range of factors—including their lighting. These tools—from spectrophotometers, to software to services, ensure color evaluation stays objective no matter what.

Most of us can recognize the color of familiar objects, even as lighting circumstances change such as a yellow school bus. This adaptation of the eye and brain is known as color constancy. We might also be able to agree with each other on the wavelengths that define basic colors.

However, this might have more to do with our brains than our eyes. For instance, in a study at the University of Rochester, individuals tended to perceive colors the same way, even though the number of cones in their retinas varied widely. But things get much more complicated when individuals or multiple people try to match colors tto a product or material samples. Physical or environmental factors and personal differences between viewers can alter our perception of color.

These factors include:. To complicate matters further, the phenomenon of impossible colors, chimerical colors and more exist and can wreak havoc on a business that relies heavily on accurate color readings. Using instruments to accurately detect colors from samples and products is imperative and having inter-instrument agreement is even more so. ThoughtCo does a good job of explaining the impact of these factors.

Colors play a vital role in our everyday lives. Like the yellow school bus. Why is it important that we see it, even in our periphery? For safety, of course. Many colors are used to depict important messages without words. Red stop signs and green traffic lights are universal. These and other regulated colors play an important part in our lives. We also associate colors with pride.

Deciding to rent out your house rather than sell it might make sense for various reasons. But allowing someone to rent your home, even temporarily, is a big deal.

For one, are you ready to become a landlord? Regardless of how responsible your tenants might initially seem, they could end up destroying your home or bringing down its overall property value. Turning your home into an investment property could be a financially risky move as well. Landlords can survey neighboring streets and zip codes to determine what properties are renting for and why. Popular online sites offering rental units as well as a local real estate agent or appraiser's office are all good places to do research as well.

Once a landlord has determined the area market rent based on neighboring properties, she can confirm this rate with the Housing and Urban Developments annual fair market rental report. While some landlords may choose supply and demand as the sole factor in arriving at a rental rate, others may place their rates somewhere in between the neighborhood market rate and HUD's fair housing rate. Remember, landlords have competition and there are a number of factors to consider in how marketable a unit is to potential tenants, including location, amenities, lease term and accessibility to public transportation.

Being a successful landlord starts with planning. Landlords who create a marketing plan and have an exit strategy will have a better idea of how to price their units for maximum occupancy. Using realistic and conservative numbers in your calculation will give you a more reasonable view of your ROI. Be aware that lower-end properties, which often look more promising on paper than mid-range and higher-end properties, can have more frequent tenant turnovers and higher repair costs.

Home Guides points out that since rental markets can vary by city and neighborhood, stacking your property against comparable properties can tell you if the predicted ROI measures up against average returns in a particular market. You can use online property agencies such as Zillow and Trulia to find median sales prices and average rental rates to calculate average returns on a local level. If you. By setting your rent in line with market value, you can raise the rent on your tenant without risking that the renter will leave.

We will also note at the time of this writing that the rental market is strong and continues to favor landlords , which has enabled rents to grow consistently over the past few years. Most renters want to stay in the same neighborhood, and chances are, once they look around and see that comparable units have the same or higher rents, they will end up staying put. If your new rent price is close to or below the average price of similar units, your tenants will still likely feel as if they are getting a deal and will more likely accept a rent increase without complaint.

However, certain upgrades such as plumbing fixtures and stainless steel appliances can boost property values and aid tenant retention. The rent of a property is typically between 0.

This method, of course, will be affected by the actual price range of your property. Charging too much could scare away good tenants, and you will want to focus on renting to only the best tenants.

One of the things that most landlords do when trying to decide what to charge for rent is to check out what other landlords in the area are charging. There is, however, one common mistake that is made when using this technique. When you compare rent between properties in your area, you need to ensure that you are comparing similar properties.

Finding the balance of how much to charge for rent is easier when you are checking out properties with similar characteristics in the following areas:.

If you charge too much more than local properties with similar characteristics to your property, you will be hard-pressed to find a high-quality tenant for your property. Analyzing the local market can help you find the right balance of value for tenants and profits for your business. Ask them if they could consider your price to be reasonable or not. Despite the information that you gather from 1 and 2 above, the rental value of your property could change drastically due to demand.

Demand can affect the rental cost of your property in both positive and negative ways. These are some of the most common effects of demand that you are likely to see:.

Fu has subsequently sequenced the genomes of several other families who fit the criteria of short-sleepers. Stanley says that when your body gets used to the time it needs to wake up, it can use the time it has to sleep as efficiently as possible.

In fact, the amount of sleep you need is genetically determined as much as your height or shoe size. Some people need very little sleep, others need 11 or 12 hours to feel their best. Health Brain. The people who need very little sleep. Share using Email. By Helen Thomson 7th July Is it true that some people need only a few hours of sleep? Helen Thomson talks to a woman whose genes might hint at how we all could survive on less shuteye.

She went to bed around midnight and woke at 4am feeling completely alert. Why sleep is so important is still a bit of a mystery. Until recently, it looked like there was no escape from the genetic curse of fatal familial insomnia Credit: iStock. Lugaresi passed away at the end of December last year after decades of working with people with FFI, but Roiter and his colleagues at Milan and Treviso believe they may finally be close to the cure they had all dreamed of.

Last year, they announced a clinical trial of a new drug , which, they hope, may prevent or at least decelerate the formation of the poisonous prions.

Indeed, in a small clinical trial on people showing early signs of the disease, the 21 people taking the drug lived about twice as long an average of 13 months as the 78 control subjects. Disappointingly, a later study that tested the drug on patients already showing more aggressive symptoms of CJD failed to find a benefit. Roiter and his colleagues wonder if by that point, it might simply be too late to be of use. For this reason, they want to see if doxycycline may still function as a preventative treatment in people at risk of FFI, before the prions have started to amass.

First, the scientists had to genetically test each member to see who was carrying the mutation, and so should be given the active drug. From these, they selected 10 members aged 42 to 52 who might be expected to decline within the next decade. The problem was that many of the family members did not want to know the results of the test: even with the hope of the drug, the fear would cloud every waking minute of their lives.

For this reason, a further 15 members who are not at risk of the disease will also receive a sham treatment. This means that each member should have no way of figuring out the results of their test: as far as they can tell, there is less than a chance of proving positive or not.

Will a new drug release the Venetian family from the death sentence written in their DNA? Without treatment, Forloni predicts that at least four of the 10 subjects carrying the mutation would be expected to succumb within the next decade.

So if the team find that more than six have escaped the disease by the end of that period, they will consider the trial a success — perhaps justifying more widespread use. Despite the glimmer of hope it offers, the trial remains controversial among some of the doctors who have been following this family closely. Cortelli, for one, has decided not to be involved in the project because he is concerned about its ethics.

A number of studies have shown that Ambien and other shorter-acting benzodiazepines, sometimes known as Z-drugs, such as Zimovane offer no significant improvement in the quality of sleep that a person gets.

They give only a tiny bit more in the quantity department, too. In one study financed by the NIH, patients taking popular prescription sleeping pills fell asleep just 12 minutes faster than those given a sugar pill, and slept for a grand total of only 11 minutes longer throughout the night.

If popular sleeping pills don't offer a major boost in sleep time or quality, then why do so many people take them? Part of the answer is the well-known placebo effect. Taking any pill, even one filled with sugar, can give some measure of comfort.

But sleeping pills do something more than that. Drugs like Ambien have the curious effect of causing what is known as anterograde amnesia. The drug makes it temporarily harder for the brain to form new short-term memories. This explains why those who take a pill may toss and turn in the middle of the night but say the next day that they slept soundly. Their brains simply weren't recording all those fleeting minutes of wakefulness, allowing them to face each morning with a clean slate, unaware of anything that happened over the last six or seven hours.

Some sleep doctors argue that this isn't such a bad thing. Serious problems can arise, however, when people taking a drug like Ambien don't actually stay in bed. Some have complained of waking up the next day and finding sweet wrappers in their beds, lit stoves in their kitchens, and bite marks on the pizzas in their freezers.

Others have discovered broken wrists that came from falling while sleepwalking, or picked up their cell phones and seen a list of calls that they have no memory of making. Not long after a member of the Kennedy family blamed a car accident on the effects of Ambien, the US Food and Drug Administration issued new rules requiring pharmacists to explain the risk that taking certain sleeping pills could lead to things like sleep-eating, sleep-walking, or sleep-driving.

Those warnings have done little to dent the popularity of sleeping pills, especially since the most popular one is cheaper than ever. Ambien went off-patent a few months before the FDA issued its new requirements. The number of patients filling a prescription for them remained steady. Many people who take sleeping pills find that their sleep quality reverts to its previous, poor state the night they decide to go without medication, a vicious cycle that increases their dependency on a drug approved only for short-term use.

Facing a night of sleep without backup produces the same form of stress that originally caused the insomnia cycle to begin. Yet there is a way to treat insomnia without setting patients up for a letdown as soon as the prescription runs out. For more than 10 years, he has conducted studies into whether modifying behaviour can be as effective at treating insomnia as taking medication. His research focuses on cognitive behavioural therapy CBT , a treatment that psychologists often use when working with patients suffering from depression, anxiety disorders or phobias.

The therapy has two parts. Patients are taught to identify and challenge worrying thoughts when they come up. At the same time, they are asked to record all of their daily actions so that they can visualise the outcome of their choices. When used as a treatment for insomnia, this form of therapy often focuses on helping patients let go of the fear that getting inadequate sleep will make them useless the next day.

It works to counter another irony of insomnia: Morin found that people who can't sleep often expect more out of it than people who can. The most famous sleep deprivation experiment took place in when a Californian high school student named Randy Gardner managed to stay awake for hours. Toward the end of the 11 days, Gardner grew paranoid and even started hallucinating. However, he reportedly recovered without any long-term physical or psychological effects.

Sleep deprivation occurs when a person gets less sleep than their body needs. The effects of sleep deprivation can vary from person to person. Children and teenagers need more sleep than adults as their brains and bodies are still developing and growing. As such, the effects of sleep deprivation in children can sometimes be more severe or longer-lasting. For example, sleep deprivation can increase the risk of dangerous accidents. An incredibly rare sleep disorder called fatal familial insomnia FFI can also result in death.

The mutated gene produces misfolded prions that accumulate in the thalamus, which is the region of the brain that regulates sleep. There is currently no cure for FFI, and death usually occurs within 12—18 months of a person first experiencing symptoms. Most people will begin to experience the effects of sleep deprivation after just 24 hours.

In the U. People who have entered local sleep may appear fully awake, but their ability to perform complex tasks will significantly decline.

The effects of sleep deprivation intensify the longer a person stays awake.

Create an accurate timeline of the events leading up to your lawsuit. If there have been any emails sent to you or by you regarding the incident, make sure that you save them. Speak to your co-workers and see if any of them witnessed the events that happened to you.

There are several different claims that your case could fall under. The compensation that an employee gets varies depending on the damage that has been done to them. Do you know what court you need to file your claim in?

There may be special federal and state laws that surround your claim. They can tell you what direction you can go in and lead you through the entire process. If you do decide to go through with your lawsuit, it may not go as smoothly as you would like for it to go. Further, the court will not tolerate disproportionate costs.

If you are suing another business, your solicitor shortly before the hearing date will prepare bundles of the documents that will be referred to during argument.

Both you and the defendant will also supply each other and the court with a written skeleton argument outlining your respective cases and the arguments that will be put forward during the final hearing. How long the case lasts depends on the case and the procedural track it follows. For example, cases on the fast track cannot last for more than one day, whereas cases on the multi track are likely to be complex and last longer.

Once the hearing is complete, the Judge will deliver their judgment. Who will pay the costs of bringing the claim, and the amount that will be paid, is a matter for the court. The general rule is that the unsuccessful party pays the proportionate costs of the successful party. As well as helping you access justice through funding arrangements, we also have vast experience providing out clients with litigation protection.

If you are thinking about suing another company but are worried about the costs of resolving the dispute or going to court, Advantage Litigation Services can help. We have vast experience navigating the different ways of funding commercial dispute resolution and are best placed to help you identify the most appropriate funding option and litigation protection that will best benefit you and your business.

Click here to contact us or call to discuss how we can help you manage the risks and find a funding option that works for you. Her role entails writing legal articles for the law library division, located on the LegalMatch website. Prior to joining LegalMatch, Jaclyn was a paralegal and freelance writer. After several years of working for both criminal defense and entertainment law firms, she enrolled in law school.

While in law school, her law journal note was selected for first-round publishing, and can be found on various legal research databases. Jaclyn holds a J. Cardozo School of Law, specializing in both intellectual property law and data law; and a B.

You can learn more about Jaclyn here. Jose Rivera. Law Library Disclaimer. Can't find your category? Click here. Contract Drafting and Review. Business Disputes. Corps, LLCs, Partnerships, etc. Buying and Selling a Business. Entertainment Law. Please provide a valid Zip Code or City and choose a category. Please choose a category from the list. A parent can take another parent to court for custody of the children. If you do not have a clear connection to the lawsuit you want to file, talk to a lawyer to make sure you have the legal right standing to sue in that case.

This is usually a parent or legal guardian. When you are thinking of going to court and preparing to file a lawsuit, you need to find out exactly whom you should sue. This may seem like a simple issue, but it can be very complicated. If you have a family law case for divorce or for parentage paternity , or you are filing a restraining order, it is pretty easy to figure out whom you want to file your case against. In some cases, figuring out whom you want to sue can seem straightforward.

But, depending on the specific circumstances, it may be more complicated. As you can see, figuring out exactly whom to sue can be very complicated.

Once you figure out whom to sue, you need to get some basic information about that person or organization. When you sue a person, you file your lawsuit against that person, using their legal name and any aliases. Often, it is easy to get this information if you do not already have it, by looking at any paperwork you may have about the legal dispute.

But, sometimes, this information is not easily available to you. Below are some ways to track someone down. If the person you are suing has moved Send a letter to his or her last address. Do Not Forward. Click for more information from the U. Postal Service. If the person you are suing owns property The county tax assessor's office can search the tax rolls for you.

The serial number is one of the first places to start for how to date a Gibson Les Paul guitar. It should be on the back of the neck at the top just between and above the tuning machines.

If the Gibson Les Paul serial number is six digits or less then your guitar may be older than Gibson reused this serial number scheme for reissue guitars starting in the s, so check the picture below to compare vintage versus reissue serial numbers. Is your serial number ink stamped like the Gibson Les Paul on the left? Gibson used 5 or 6 digit ink stamped serial numbers on Les Paul guitars from until The first digit of this style serial number indicates the last digit of the year it was manufactured.

This is how to date a Gibson Les Paul serial number from the s. Gibson reused this serial number scheme for reissue guitars in the past 20 years as well, so check to see that the style matches.

Do you have a Gibson Les Paul with an ink stamped serial number? I am looking to buy Gibson Les Pauls with ink stamped serial numbers like this from the s. Gibson used the 6 digits or less impressed serial number style from until Gibson reused serial numbers during this time period so that's as close as we can narrow these guitars down without reading the potentiometer codes.

Here's an example of that style. The serial number is only one way for how to date a Gibson Les Paul from the s. Often the features and potentiometer codes are a better way. Andy Summers ES Limited edition of Numbered in sequence as "13xxx" Jimmy Page Les Paul 3 versions -1st 25 aged models were hand numbered and signed by Jimmy Page, no other number is on this model.

Johnny A. Slash Les Paul 2 models - limited edition model, cranberry finish: numbered in sequence as "SL xxx" - Regular production model introduced in , also numbered in sequence as "SL xxx" Note: The discontinued Epiphone Slash Les Paul made has a standard Epiphone serial number.

Many '80s and early '90s serial numbers may follow a similar scheme, but may not include a factory ID code.

This amp was made in the second quarter of Follow us: Instagram. Copyright Gibson Brands, Inc. All rights reserved. Specimens built before had a star inlay or crescent in place of a logo. The script logo continues without the slant. Some flattop guitars of this era started to omit the word "The" from the inlay.

By Gibson had dropped the "The" from all of their logos while retaining the script "Gibson. From to , the logo was a thick golden script, known as the banner logo. The block logo debuted after WWII and remains the face of the company. There were minute changes to which letters were connected in the font between to , but the main logo had the same look. Gibson stopped dotting the i in their logo on some of their instruments. Most models get a dotted i again in , with the rest following suit from onward.

Aside from the logos, each era of manufacturing included certain identifying traits such as the hardware tuners, knobs, plates, etc. But not a final verdict. Many older instruments may have reproduction or other non-original parts, including a non-original finish.

This makes relying entirely on the physical features of a guitar potentially misleading. The thickness of the headstock, however, is not as vulnerable to modification or replacement.

Before mid, most Gibson headstocks were thinner at the top when looked at from a side profile. After , headstocks had uniform thickness. Gibson has historically used two different alpha-numerical formats to catalog its instruments: serial numbers and FONs Factory Order Numbers.

Instruments will generally have one or both of these numbers stamped or written either inside the body generally the case on earlier models or on the back of the headstock. These will generally date an instrument earlier than the serial number, as they were typically applied in the early stages of assembly. Some earlier lower-end models had no serial number at all, making the FON the sole numerical identifier in those cases.

A FON usually consisted of a 3-, 4-, or 5-digit batch number followed by one or two other numbers in most cases. From to , the FON included a letter suffix. The consistency around this stopped during WWII and resumed in the early s. To complicate matters further, there was sometimes a second letter from to indicating the brand G for Gibson, K for Kalamazoo, W for Recording King and sometimes even a third letter indicating "Electric" the letter E.

Many opt for a specific tool for the job and authors are spoiled for choice as there are several applications, paid and free of charge, such as Software Garden, FetchRSS and RSS Builder. Websites, which prioritize readership engagement and the cultivation of return readers, advertise their RSS feeds readily. Speaking of aggregators, some programs come straight away with an available list of RSS feeds for the most visited news sites, to which you can subscribe.

Classic RSS is cycling out of fashion and as a result websites tend to keep their RSS links available within their code rather than anywhere on the site itself. In Inoreader , simply type the domain of the website you are trying to subscribe to. If it has an RSS feed we will try to find it for you. Doing it manually while in Chrome is also as straightforward as it gets and it requires you take a quick peek under the hood and into the source code.

It takes two steps to complete:. At first glance, it may appear as though RSS has become completely obsolete — a relic of a by-gone era — but nothing truly dies on the Internet. Instead, RSS is seeing a resurgence under a new format much better suited to the current informational landscape. RSS solutions are stepping away from the catch-all approach and adapting to specific services. This practice is already gaining traction with YouTube, Reddit and even weather updates.

This brings to our next point — RSS has outgrown browsers. The less people use RSS the likelier it becomes to see a wave of similar announcements from other browsers. Die-hard fans of the old RSS days need not panic, though. Extensions and add-ons may extend the shelf life of RSS for a little while longer. With Inoreader, content comes to you, the minute it's available. Stay up-to-date with the latest RSS. The right podcasting headphones can help you monitor for static, outside sounds, quality of sound, and more.

This guide will help you choose the right pair! Buying a mic for your podcast is a big decision — you want the best mic for your money. Read what the experts are using and why. Are you ready to dive into the world of professional podcasting? Before you can do that, you must first learn how to start making money. If you saw our Q1 update, you know that RSS. We are excited. Get started free.

What is RSS? What Does the Information Look Like? So how does this really work? An aggregator is responsible for the convenience of RSS feeds. Related Resources. If you want a single source where you can see everything your competitors are doing, an RSS reader is a great option. Using the methods described above, you can subscribe to your competitors' blogs and email newsletters, see all of their social media posts, and even get Google Alerts for online mentions of their brands—and see each of these pieces of data inside of your RSS reader.

Sometimes we read for pleasure, and other times we pick up useful insights we may want to try later, like a new recipe or a productivity tip suggested in an article. Try these Zaps to turn those updates into tasks to accomplish later. New to Zapier? It's a tool that helps anyone connect apps and automate workflows—without any complicated code.

Sign up for free. RSS started to fall out of favor as social media became more common. But following brands and authors on social media isn't the best way to keep up with their new content. For one, some brands post every fifteen minutes of every day with links to new and old content alike. There's no guarantee that you'll happen to notice new content in your feed among all of the clutter. Second, social media sites rarely show you everything posted by the accounts you follow.

Instead, they use algorithms that decide what you want to see and surface that content first. If what you want to see is everything, you're usually out of luck. RSS feeds, on the other hand, deliver all of the content the sites you follow have published—all in reverse chronological order.

If you mostly want to see content lots of people liked or interacted with, social media is the way to go. But if what you want to see is all of the most recent content from the sites and people you care about, RSS beats social media every time. Related reading:. This article was originally published in June It was updated in January by Zapier staff writer Krystina Martinez. Jessica Greene is a freelance marketing and business writer. A former writing instructor and corporate marketer, she uses her subject-matter expertise and passion for educating others to develop actionable, in-depth, user-focused content.

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Webinars Learn about automation anytime, anywhere with our on-demand webinar library. Zapier for Teams Share and collaborate on work with your team in Zapier. Zapier for Companies Manage multiple teams with advanced administrative controls in Zapier. Search apps…. Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders. It often indicates a user profile. Log out. Smart Home. Social Media. More Button Icon Circle with three vertical dots. It indicates a way to see more nav menu items inside the site menu by triggering the side menu to open and close.

Dave Johnson. An RSS feed is a file that contains a summary of updates from a website, often in the form of a list of articles with links.

RSS stands for Really Simple Syndication, and it offers an easy way to stay up to date on new content from websites you care about. Visit Insider's Tech Reference library for more stories.

So strong is this propensity of mankind to fall into mutual animosities, that where no substantial occasion presents itself, the most frivolous and fanciful distinctions have been sufficient to kindle their unfriendly passions and excite their most violent conflicts.

But the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property. Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society. Those who are creditors, and those who are debtors, fall under a like discrimination. A landed interest, a manufacturing interest, a mercantile interest, a moneyed interest, with many lesser interests, grow up of necessity in civilized nations, and divide them into different classes, actuated by different sentiments and views.

The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the principal task of modern legislation, and involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary and ordinary operations of the government. No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time; yet what are many of the most important acts of legislation, but so many judicial determinations, not indeed concerning the rights of single persons, but concerning the rights of large bodies of citizens?

And what are the different classes of legislators but advocates and parties to the causes which they determine? Is a law proposed concerning private debts? It is a question to which the creditors are parties on one side and the debtors on the other. Justice ought to hold the balance between them. Yet the parties are, and must be, themselves the judges; and the most numerous party, or, in other words, the most powerful faction must be expected to preva il.

Shall domestic manufactures be encouraged, and in what degree, by restrictions on foreign manufactures? The apportionment of taxes on the various descriptions of property is an act which seems to require the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no legislative act in which greater opportunity and temptation are given to a predominant party to trample on the rules o f justice. E very shilling with which they overburden the inferior number, is a shilling saved to their own pockets.

It is in vain to say that enlightened statesmen will be able to adjust these clashing interests, and render them all subservient to the public good. E nlightened statesmen will not always be at the helm. Nor, in many cases, can such an adjustment be made at all without taking into view indirect and remote considerations, which will rarely prevail over the immediate interest which one party may find in disregarding the rights of another or the good of the whole.

The inference to which we are brought is, that the causes of faction cannot be removed, and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its effects. If a faction consists of less than a majority, relief is supplied by the republican principle, which enables the majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote.

It may clog the administration, it may convulse the society; but it will be unable to execute and mask its violence under the forms of the Constitution. When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens.

To secure the public good and private rights against the danger of such a faction, and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government, is then the great object to which our inquiries are directed.

Let me add that it is the great desideratum by which this form of government can be rescued from the opprobrium under which it has so long labored, and be recommended to the esteem and adoption of mankind. By what means is this object attainable? Evidently by one of two only. Either the existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time must be prevented, or the majority, having such coexistent passion or interest, must be rendered, by their number and local situation, unable to concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression.

If the impulse and the opportunity be suffered to coincide, we well know that neither moral nor religious motives can be relied on as an adequate control. They are not found to be such on the injustice and violence of individuals, and lose their efficacy in proportion to the number combined together, that is, in proportion as their efficacy becomes needful.

From this view of the subject it may be concluded that a pure democracy , by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for the mischiefs of faction. A common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole; a communication and concert result from the form of government itself; and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party or an obnoxious individual.

Hence it is that such democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths.

Theoretic politicians, who have patronized this species of government, have erroneously supposed that by reducing mankind to a perfect equality in their political rights, they would, at the same time, be perfectly equalized and assimilated in their possessions, their opinions, and their passions. A republic , by which I mean a government in which the scheme of representation takes place, opens a different prospect, and promises the cure for which we are seeking.

Let us examine the points in which it varies from pure democracy, and we shall comprehend both the nature of the cure and the efficacy which it must derive from the Union. The two great points of difference between a democracy and a republic are: first, the delegation of the government, in the latter, to a small number of citizens elected by the rest; secondly, the greater number of citizens, and greater sphere of country, over which the latter may be extended.

The effect of the first difference is, on the one hand, to refine and enlarge the public views, by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern the true interest of their country, and whose patriotism and love of justice will be least likely to sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations. Under such a regulation, it may well happen that the public voice, pronounced by the representatives of the people, will be more consonant to the public good than if pronounced by the people themselves , convened for the purpose.

On the other hand, the effect may be inverted. Men of factious tempers, of local prejudices, or of sinister designs, may, by intrigue, by corruption, or by other means, first obtain the suffrages, and then betray the interests, of the people. The question resulting is, whether small or extensive republics are more favorable to the election of proper guardians of the public weal; and it is clearly decided in favor of the latter by two obvious considerations.

In the first place, it is to be remarked that, however small the republic may be, the representatives must be raised to a certain number, in order to guard against the cabals of a few; and that, however large it may be, they must be limited to a certain number, in order to guard against the confusion of a multitude. Hence, the number of representatives in the two cases not being in proportion to that of the two constituents, and being proportionally greater in the small republic, it follows that, if the proportion of fit characters be not less in the large than in the small republic, the former will present a greater option, and consequently a greater probability of a fit choice.

In the next place, as each representative will be chosen by a greater number of citizens in the large than in the small republic, it will be more difficult for unworthy candidates to practice with success the vicious arts by which elections are too often carried; and the suffrages of the people being more free, will be more likely to centre in men who possess the most attractive merit and the most diffusive and established characters.

It must be confessed that in this, as in most other cases, there is a mean, on both sides of which inconveniences will be found to lie. By enlarging too much the number of electors, you render the representatives too little acquainted with all their local circumstances and lesser interests; as by reducing it too much, you render him unduly attached to these, and too little fit to comprehend and pursue great and national objects.

The federal Constitution forms a happy combination in this respect; the great and aggregate interests being referred to the national, the local and particular to the State legislatures. The other point of difference is, the greater number of citizens and extent of territory which may be brought within the compass of republican than of democratic government; and it is this circumstance principally which renders factious combinations less to be dreaded in the former than in the latter.

The smaller the society, the fewer probably will be the distinct parties and interests composing it; the fewer the distinct parties and interests, the more frequently will a majority be found of the same party; and the smaller the number of individuals composing a majority, and the smaller the compass within which they are placed, the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of oppression. Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens; or if such a common motive exists, it will be more difficult for all who feel it to discover their own strength, and to act in unison with each other.

Besides other impediments, it may be remarked that, where there is a consciousness of unjust or dishonorable purposes, communication is always checked by distrust in proportion to the number whose concurrence is necessary.

Hence, it clearly appears, that the same advantage which a republic has over a democracy, in controlling the effects of faction, is enjoyed by a large over a small republic, -- is enjoyed by the Union over the States composing it. The polarization of Congress, reflecting an electorate that has not been this divided since about the time of the Civil War, has led to ideological warfare between parties that directly channels the passions of their most extreme constituents and donors—precisely the type of factionalism the Founders abhorred.

The executive branch, meanwhile, has been transformed by the spectacle of tweeting presidents, though the presidency had broken from its constitutional restraints long before the advent of social media. During the election of , the progressive populists Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson insisted that the president derived his authority directly from the people.

Since then, the office has moved in precisely the direction the Founders had hoped to avoid: Presidents now make emotional appeals, communicate directly with voters, and pander to the mob.

Twitter, Facebook, and other platforms have accelerated public discourse to warp speed, creating virtual versions of the mob. Inflammatory posts based on passion travel farther and faster than arguments based on reason. Rather than encouraging deliberation, mass media undermine it by creating bubbles and echo chambers in which citizens see only those opinions they already embrace.

We are living, in short, in a Madisonian nightmare. How did we get here, and how can we escape? After the election of , the Electoral College, envisioned as a group of independent sages, became little more than a rubber stamp for the presidential nominees of the newly emergent political parties.

The first parties played an unexpected cooling function, uniting diverse economic and regional interests through shared constitutional visions. As the historian Sean Wilentz has noted, the great movements for constitutional and social change in the 19th century—from the abolition of slavery to the Progressive movement—were the product of strong and diverse political parties. Whatever benefits the parties offered in the 19th and early 20th centuries, however, have long since disappeared.

The moderating effects of parties were undermined by a series of populist reforms, including the direct election of senators, the popular-ballot initiative, and direct primaries in presidential elections, which became widespread in the s. More recently, geographical and political self-sorting has produced voters and representatives who are willing to support the party line at all costs.

After the Republicans took both chambers of Congress in , the House of Representatives, under Speaker Newt Gingrich, adjusted its rules to enforce party discipline, taking power away from committee chairs and making it easier for leadership to push bills into law with little debate or support from across the aisle. The rise of what the presidential historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Modern presidents rule by executive order rather than consulting with Congress.

They direct a massive administrative state, with jurisdiction over everything from environmental policy to the regulation of the airwaves. During the 20th century, the Supreme Court also became both more powerful and more divided. The Court struck down federal laws two times in the first 70 years of American history, just over 50 times in the next 75 years, and more than times since Beginning with the appointment of Anthony Kennedy, in , the Court became increasingly polarized between justices appointed by Republican presidents and justices appointed by Democratic presidents.

Exacerbating all this political antagonism is the development that might distress Madison the most: media polarization, which has allowed geographically dispersed citizens to isolate themselves into virtual factions, communicating only with like-minded individuals and reinforcing shared beliefs. Far from being a conduit for considered opinions by an educated elite, social-media platforms spread misinformation and inflame partisan differences.

Indeed, people on Facebook and Twitter are more likely to share inflammatory posts that appeal to emotion than intricate arguments based on reason.

The passions, hyper-partisanship, and split-second decision making that Madison feared from large, concentrated groups meeting face-to-face have proved to be even more dangerous from exponentially larger, dispersed groups that meet online. Unless the Supreme Court reinterprets the First Amendment, allowing the government to require sites like Twitter and Facebook to suppress polarizing speech that falls short of intentional incitement to violence—an ill-advised and, at the moment, thankfully unlikely prospect—any efforts to encourage deliberation on those platforms will have to come from the platforms themselves.

Still, some promising, if modest, fixes are on the horizon. The company now prioritizes those articles users have actually taken the time to read. But these and other solutions could have First Amendment implications.

Of course, the internet can empower democratic deliberation as well as threaten it, allowing dissenters to criticize the government in ways the Founders desired. And although our national politics is deadlocked by partisanship, compromise remains possible at the local level, where activism—often organized online—can lead to real change.

Federalism remains the most robust and vibrant Madisonian cooling mechanism, and continues to promote ideological diversity. At the moment, the combination of low voter turnout and ideological extremism has tended to favor very liberal or very conservative candidates in primaries.

Thanks to safe districts created by geographic self-sorting and partisan gerrymandering, many of these extremists go on to win the general election.

Pros Cons Students are constantly engaged in their learning Students must be more responsible for their education Hands-on lessons are more memorable and can be incorporated with past lessons Feedback on student progress and engagement is instant and in-the-moment Classroom management with many hands-on lessons will be difficult Planning lessons and preparing materials in advance is more necessary All important learning fundamentals may not be covered in the process.

Transferring from hands-on to traditional teaching in a given lesson can be difficult. Pros Cons Encourages discussions and revisiting of lessons Allows for student-student teaching Identifies different levels of learners Teacher can work directly with struggling students in a sharing capacity Not as effective with students who do not respond positively to group learning Group learning places more responsibility on students Singles out struggling students Assessment of group work can be more difficult to implement.

Average Elementary Teacher Salary. Teacher can be sure that all lesson points are made Quiet and structured learning environment Lesson plans are more of a script rather than a list of activities Easy to prepare. Measuring success of the lesson cannot be made while teaching Students are not directly involved and cannot give feedback Non-verbal based learners may struggle to keep up Less appropriate for younger students who cannot take notes.

Students are constantly engaged in their learning Students must be more responsible for their education Hands-on lessons are more memorable and can be incorporated with past lessons Feedback on student progress and engagement is instant and in-the-moment.

Classroom management with many hands-on lessons will be difficult Planning lessons and preparing materials in advance is more necessary All important learning fundamentals may not be covered in the process.

Encourages discussions and revisiting of lessons Allows for student-student teaching Identifies different levels of learners Teacher can work directly with struggling students in a sharing capacity.

In France, all candidates now complete a graduate program in newly created University Institutes for the Preparation of Teachers that are connected to nearby schools. In Japan and Taiwan, new teachers complete a year-long supervised internship with a reduced teaching load that allows for mentoring and additional study. By Japanese law, first-year teachers receive at least twenty days of inservice training and sixty days of professional development.

Master teachers are released from their classrooms to advise and counsel them. National Commission on Teaching and America's Future, In their study of mathematics teaching in Japan, Taiwan, and the United States, Stigler and Stevenson note: "One of the reasons Asian class lessons are so well-crafted is that there is a very systematic effort to pass on the accumulated wisdom of teaching practice to each new generation of teachers and to keep perfecting that practice by providing teachers the opportunities to continually learn from each other.

Without these supports, learning to teach well is extremely difficult. Most U. After entry, teachers are expected to know everything they will need for a career, or to learn through occasional workshops mostly on their own, with few structured opportunities to observe and analyze teaching with others. As one high school teacher who had spent twenty-five years in the classroom once told me: "I have taught 20, classes; I have been 'evaluated' thirty times; but I have never seen another teacher teach.

Some school districts have begun to create new approaches to professional development that feature mentoring for beginners and veterans; peer observation and coaching; local study groups and networks for specific subject matter areas; teacher academies that provide ongoing seminars and courses of study tied to practice; and school-university partnerships that sponsor collaborative research, inter-school visitations, and learning opportunities developed in response to teachers' and principals' felt needs.

For example, at Wells Junior High, a Professional Development School working with the University of Southern Maine, the whole notion of staff development was turned on its head. The emphasis shifted from outside consultants to in-house experts. Problem-posing and problem-solving supplanted the recipes and prescriptions for effective schools that teachers had heard for years and never managed to implement. Miller and Silvernail, , pp. Similarly, at Fairdale High School in Louisville, Kentucky, teachers' research coupled with shared decision making produced major changes.

As part of a self-study, ten teachers followed ten children through a school day. When it was over, teachers said things like, "It was boring," or, "You know, this isn't a very humane place to be. Even before participative management was initiated at Fairdale, the teachers started changing things. Professional development strategies that succeed in improving teaching share several features. This helps your students develop self-actualization and critical thinking skills.

The hands-off teaching style is considered more sophisticated and works best for students in their later years of elementary school. Students who can take on more responsibility in their classwork are ideal candidates for this teaching method but of course, you know your students best.

Do you typically combine a few of these in your classroom throughout the day, or use one over the other for certain subjects? Benefits of Teaching at a Charter School.

Interactive Teaching Styles Used in the Classroom. Hunger Pains: Teaching Hungry Students. If not, you can ask the teachers whether they use the strategies and how you might adapt them to use at home. Here are six common teaching strategies. Learn more about what they are and how they can help kids who learn and think differently. Instead of calling on the first students who raise their hand, the teacher will stop and wait.

They have more time to think instead of calling out the first answer that comes to mind. Multisensory instruction is a way of teaching that engages more than one sense at a time. A teacher might help kids learn information using touch, movement, sight and hearing.

Dyslexia: Many programs for struggling readers use multisensory strategies. Teachers might have students use their fingers to tap out each sound in a word, for example. Or students might draw a word in the air using their arm.

Dyscalculia: Multisensory instruction is helpful in math , too. Teachers often use hands-on tools like blocks and drawings. You may hear teachers refer to these tools as manipulatives. Dysgraphia: Teachers also use multisensory instruction for handwriting struggles. Being able to move can help kids burn excess energy. Movement can also help kids focus and retain new information. However, teachers must know what support to provide. They also need to know when students understand a concept well enough to work on their own.

Think of it like riding a bike: The teacher needs to know when to take off the training wheels. Graphic organizers are visual tools. They show information or the connection between ideas.

Making Musicians Since Andertons Loyalty Points Scheme Earn loyalty points whenever you shop at Andertons Redeem points for discounts on your next purchase Online, in store or over the phone, earn and use points however you choose to shop No need to sign up - points are added automatically when you make a purchase!

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Do I want an electric or acoustic kit? Ultimate Guide To Guitar Delays The humble delay pedal is one of the most famous and easy to recognize guitar sounds in the world.

Written by Jed Van Wyngaardt. Introduction What does this all mean? What is Delay anyway? If the feedback knob is turned down, you might only get one repeat. Level — The overall level of the repeats. Full will mean the repeat is the same volume as your first note.

And having it low can create a subtle fattening sound Reverse delay is slightly more complicated but simply means the delay repeats are reversed before being played back to you which creates and ethereal, otherworldly tone — similar to playing a vinyl record backwards. What are the different types of Delay? Keeley Magnetic Echo Delay Pedal. Keeley Delay Workstation Pedal. Price pending. Eventide H9 Harmonizer Guitar Pedal. Strymon Timeline Delay Pedal. Source Audio Nemesis Delay Pedal.

Vox DelayLab Delay Pedal. How do I use a delay pedal? Where does Delay go in a Pedalboard Signal Chain? Analogue BBD Chip can colour the tone of the delay repeats. Delay sound degrades and gets less clear with each repeat. Shorter maximum time between delay repeats Analogue signal — a pure guitar signal and warmer and darker sounding than a typical digital delay. Longer maximum time between repeats. Powerful units like the DD can offer up to 10 seconds between repeats.

The capacitors of the BBD and the clock are inherently noisy. So first, the signal is compressed, which reduces the dynamics of the signal and increases sustain by bringing the quieter parts of the single closer to the louder parts of the signal in terms of amplitude. The compressed signal which sounds different from the dry signal passes through the anti-aliasing filter, BBD, and reconstruction filter. It picks up noise and gets EQed significantly in the process.

The expander at the other end acts to undo the compression by increasing the dynamic range. As it drops the quieter parts of the signal back down to their natural level, it also drops down the noise. So although it seems like the expander and compressor are only there to undo each other, they are actually cleverly included to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the delayed signal dramatically.

This looks a lot cleaner. Now that we understand how the delay circuit works, we can finalize our understanding of the entire system. To further condition the signal, analog delay pedals will generally have a high-shelf filter at the input and a low-shelf filter at the output.

The high-shelf at the input will boost the treble of the signal and recover noise in the BBD and overall delay circuit. The low-shelf at the output will effectively cancel out the high-shelf at the input and restore the original signal tonality. The tone of analog delay, whether achieved by actual BBD chips or by emulation, can be defined as dark, warm and nuanced. Its first iteration was introduced all the way back in Analog delays are inherently flawed.

We can see that by how many extra circuits are required just to get a decent sound. The filtering, compressing, expanding. Rather than using tape or the BBD-based analog delay circuits mentioned above, digital delay pedals utilize digital signal processing DSP to create their delay effect.

As we can see, the main setup is similar to the typical delay pedal. The difference is the digital signal processing unit s. With DSP, we can achieve results that are beyond the capabilities of tape and bucket-brigade devices. Digital delay circuits can have extremely long delay times and can repeat the same sound back indefinitely without any signal degradation other than the losses from the ADC and DAC.

Digital processing is beyond the scope of this article. The main point here is that digital delay pedals are extremely versatile. Early digital equipment may have suffered from the conversions from analog to digital and back to analog. Of course, purists would argue that any conversion degrades the signal. Pick your poison!

Digital delay is often cherished and criticized for being bright, clean, clinical and exact in its reproduction and delaying of the original audio signal.

The Boss DD-8 link to check the price on Amazon is a fantastic example of a digital delay pedal. All of this can be programmed digitally to mimic the sound of these non-digital devices. So we can get these old-school effects in a new-school stompbox. The Strymon TimeLine link to check the price on Amazon is an excellent example of a digital delay pedal that can emulate both analog bucket-brigade and tape delay tones. The Dunlop EP Echoplex link to check the price on Amazon is a digital pedal designed to emulate the sound of tape delay.

To be more specific, this pedal was made to emulate the tones of the EP-3 tape echo unit. It has a digital signal processor for the effected signal and an all-analog dry signal path.

Shimmer is essentially a delay combined with a pitch-shifter. The Electro-Harmonix Canyon link to check the price on Amazon is a great example of a shimmer delay pedal, combining delay with pitch-shifting.

This versatile digital pedal also has settings for a digital delay, a reverse delay, a tape delay, a Deluxe Memory Man emulation and many more settings, including a looper. Reverse delay can be achieved via digital means. Its circuit is similar to the others except, of course, for the reverse effect circuit. In this setup, the delay circuit acts as a buffer. It effectively records the audio before it is sent to the reverse effect circuit. This buffer is necessary since we cannot reverse any signal in real-time.

There has to be a buffer of recorded audio that can then be processed. This is why reverse delay pedals will lag behind the first note played. The reverse delay pedal design also typically has an output mixer to blend the dry and affected signals together. The Danelectro Back Talk link to check the price on Amazon is a popular example of a reverse delay pedal. This controls the length of each repeat, or how long of a period will pass before the first repeat is heard. Analog and tape delays are limited in their max delay times typically no more than a few hundred milliseconds.

Digital delays can have much longer delay times. Feedback controls the level of the delayed signal that is fed back into the delay circuit. Turning the feedback control up will lead to more and more repeats of the original signal. Turning the feedback down will generally yield a single repeat which is great for slapback delay sounds. Turning the feedback control way up can get us into self-oscillation territory where the feedback input can continuously drive the delay circuit itself.

Turning up beyond this point will cause a positive feedback loop that can quickly cause the pedal and subsequent pedals and amplifiers to become overloaded. Tap tempo is achievable with a digital clock and can, therefore, be integrated into analog and digital pedals. It can be.

In the interest of full disclosure, I never learned rhythmic delay with a calculator; it was shown to me by the owner of my local music store and I was able to just suss it out by feel. Nowadays, many digital delay units are equipped with a Tap Tempo feature. This allows you to choose the rhythmic subdivision quarter-note, eighth-note, dotted-eighth note, etc.

Essentially, it does the math for you. To regenerate quarter-notes, set your Time to ms, your Mix between percent and your Repeat to three. Another spiffy quarter-note delay ploy shown in in Ex. For a groovy swing feel, set your delay Time to ms, your Mix at percent, and your Repeat to one regeneration, so the delayed note hits the last triplet of a beat. Then play Ex. Dotted-eighth delay sets the repeat to land on the last sixteenth-note of the beat, and can essentially make a scale played in eighth-notes sound like a melodic sequence of sixteenth-notes.

As demonstrated by Ex. Mastering tried-and-true delay techniques is a worthwhile and useful endeavor and can certainly enhance your sound.

Once you have the basics down, the possible uses for delay are only limited by your imagination. Reverb Articles. What does a distortion effect pedal do?

What does a clean boost effect do? What does a reverb effect do? What does a compressor effect do? What are the types of compressor effects?