Your opinion which is of no consequence at all

Pick a suitable timeout place, such as a chair or bottom step, that's free of distractions. Remember, getting sent to your room isn't effective if a computer, TV, or games are there. Also, a timeout is time away from any type of reinforcement. So your child shouldn't get any attention from you while in a timeout — including talking, eye contact, etc. Be sure to consider the length of time that will work best for your child. Experts say 1 minute for each year of age is a good rule of thumb; others recommend using the timeout until the child is calmed down to teach self-regulation.

Make sure that if a timeout happens because your child didn't follow directions, you follow through with the direction after the timeout. It's important to tell kids what the right thing to do is, not just to say what the wrong thing is. For example, instead of saying "Don't jump on the couch," try "Please sit on the furniture and put your feet on the floor.

Be sure to give clear, direct commands. Instead of "Could you please put your shoes on? Again, consistency is crucial, as is follow-through. Make good on any promises of discipline or else you risk undermining your authority. Kids have to believe that you mean what you say. This is not to say you can't give second chances or allow a certain margin of error, but for the most part, you should act on what you say.

Be careful not to make unrealistic threats of punishment "Slam that door and you'll never watch TV again! If you threaten to turn the car around and go home if the squabbling in the backseat doesn't stop, make sure you do exactly that. The credibility you'll gain with your kids is much more valuable than a lost beach day.

Huge punishments may take away your power as a parent. If you ground your son or daughter for a month, your child may not feel motivated to change behaviors because everything has already been taken away. It may help to set some goals that kids can meet to earn back privileges that were taken away for misbehavior. Kids in this age group — just as with all ages — can be disciplined with natural consequences. As they mature and request more independence and responsibility, teaching them to deal with the consequences of their behavior is an effective and appropriate method of discipline.

It seems that missing out on deep sleep may lead to type 2 diabetes by changing the way the body processes glucose, which the body uses for energy. Men and women who don't get enough quality sleep experience a loss of libido reduced sex drive and less of an interest in sex, research suggests. Men who suffer from sleep apnoea — a disorder in which breathing difficulties lead to interrupted sleep — also tend to have lower testosterone levels, which can lower libido.

Long-standing sleep deprivation seems to be associated with increased heart rate, an increase in blood pressure and higher levels of certain chemicals linked with inflammation, which may put extra strain on your heart. Difficulty conceiving a baby has been claimed as one of the effects of sleep deprivation, in both men and women. Apparently, regular sleep disruptions can cause infertility by reducing the secretion of reproductive hormones.

If you don't get enough sleep, there's only one way to compensate — getting more sleep. It won't happen with a single early night. If you've had months of restricted sleep, you'll have built up a significant sleep debt, so expect recovery to take several weeks. Starting on a weekend, try to add on an extra hour or 2 of sleep a night. The way to do this is to go to bed when you're tired, and allow your body to wake you in the morning no alarm clocks allowed! You might sleep up to 10 hours a night at first.

After a while, the amount of time you sleep will gradually decrease to a normal level. Don't rely on caffeine or energy drinks as a short-term pick-me-up. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here.

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Show references Watkins RR, et al. Overview: Global and local impact of antibiotic resistance. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. About antimicrobial resistance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed Nov. Antibiotic resistance. It found that viruses with the mutation were more infectious than were D viruses in a human lung cell line and in airway tissues, and that mutated viruses were present at greater levels in the upper airways of infected hamsters 6. Coronavirus reinfections: three questions scientists are asking.

Even these experiments might not offer absolute clarity. Some studies show that certain mutations to the spike protein in the Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS virus can cause more-severe disease in mice — yet other mutations in the protein show very little effect in people or in camels, the likely reservoir for human MERS infections, says Stanley Perlman, a coronavirologist at the University of Iowa in Iowa City. From these data, researchers have identified more than 1, instances in which a virus entered the United Kingdom and spread, including examples of D- and G-type viruses.

The researchers found no clinical differences in people infected with either virus. Grubaugh thinks that DG has received too much attention from scientists, in part because of the high-profile papers it has garnered. But evidence is emerging that other mutations could help the virus to avoid some antibodies. A team led by virologists Theodora Hatziioannou and Paul Bieniasz, at Rockefeller University in New York City, genetically modified the vesicular stomatitis virus — a livestock pathogen — so that it used the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to infect cells, and grew it in the presence of neutralizing antibodies.

Their goal was to select for mutations that enabled the spike protein to evade antibody recognition. Every one of the spike mutations was found in virus sequences isolated from patients, report Hatziioannou, Bieniasz and their team — although at very low frequencies that suggest positive selection is not yet making the mutations more common Most of the mutations had no effect on or hindered these properties, although a handful improved them How the pandemic might play out in and beyond.

Based on experience with other coronaviruses, that might take years. Studies of common-cold coronaviruses, sampled across multiple seasons, have identified some signs of evolution in response to immunity. But as population-wide immunity rises, whether through infection or vaccination, a steady trickle of immune-evading mutations could help SARS-CoV-2 to establish itself permanently, says Sheahan, potentially causing mostly mild symptoms when it infects individuals who have some residual immunity from a previous infection or vaccination.

Cocktails of monoclonal antibodies, each of which can recognize multiple regions of the spike protein, might lessen the odds that such a mutation will be favoured through natural selection, researchers say. Mice, monkeys and humans that received one of a number of experimental RNA vaccines, including one being developed by drug maker Pfizer in New York City, produced antibodies that proved more potent at blocking G viruses than D viruses.

Korber, B. Cell , — PubMed Article Google Scholar. Grubaugh, N. Muth, D. Zhang, L. Plante, K. Volz, E.